Risk factors associated with indoor transmission during home quarantine of COVID-19 patients.

Purpose: The study aimed to identify potential risk factors for family transmission and to provide precautionary guidelines for the general public during novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) waves. Methods: A retrospective cohort study with numerous COVID-19 patients recruited was conducted in Shanghai. Epidemiological data including transmission details, demographics, vaccination status, symptoms, comorbidities, antigen test, living environment, residential ventilation, disinfection and medical treatment of each participant were collected and risk factors for family transmission were determined. Results: A total of 2,334 COVID-19 patients participated. Compared with non-cohabitation infected patients, cohabitated ones were younger (p = 0.019), more commonly unvaccinated (p = 0.048) or exposed to infections (p < 0.001), and had higher rates of symptoms (p = 0.003) or shared living room (p < 0.001). Risk factors analysis showed that the 2019-nCov antigen positive (OR = 1.86, 95%CI 1.40-2.48, p < 0.001), symptoms development (OR = 1.86, 95%CI 1.34-2.58, p < 0.001), direct contact exposure (OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.09-1.96, p = 0.010) were independent risk factors for the cohabitant transmission of COVID-19, and a separate room with a separate toilet could reduce the risk of family transmission (OR = 0.62, 95%CI 0.41-0.92, p = 0.018). Conclusion: Patients showing negative 2019-nCov antigen tests, being asymptomatic, living in a separate room with a separate toilet, or actively avoiding direct contact with cohabitants were at low risk of family transmission, and the study recommended that avoiding direct contact and residential disinfection could reduce the risk of all cohabitants within the same house being infected with COVID-19.

Research progress on palmitoylation of SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins and receptor ACE2

It has been more than 2 years since the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019（COVID-19） caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2）.SARS-CoV-2 is a member of positive single-stranded RNA viruses and could infect multiple mammals.Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid modification of protein, which regulates protein localization and trafficking.Spike protein（S）, envelope protein（E） and SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 have been identified of being palmitoylated.This paper reviews the research progress on the palmitoylation of S, E and ACE2, including the sites of palmitoylation of S protein, the enzymes involved in this process, and their functions.Through the integrated review of these contents, which would provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19.